Package 'apex'

Title: Phylogenetic Methods for Multiple Gene Data
Description: Toolkit for the analysis of multiple gene data (Jombart et al. 2017) <doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12567>. 'apex' implements the new S4 classes 'multidna', 'multiphyDat' and associated methods to handle aligned DNA sequences from multiple genes.
Authors: Klaus Schliep [aut, cre] , Thibaut Jombart [aut], Zhian Namir Kamvar [aut], Eric Archer [aut], Rebecca Harris [aut]
Maintainer: Klaus Schliep <[email protected]>
License: GPL (>=2)
Version: 1.0.6
Built: 2024-10-03 04:14:40 UTC
Source: https://github.com/thibautjombart/apex

Help Index

Subset multidna objects

Description

Individuals in a multidna or multiphyDat object can be subsetted like the rows of a matrix, with the form x[i,]. Genes can be subsetted like the columns of a matrix, i.e. with the form x[,j].

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'multidna,ANY,ANY,ANY'
x[i, j, ..., drop = TRUE]

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat,ANY,ANY,ANY'
x[i, j, ..., drop = TRUE]

Arguments

x

the multidna object to subset.
i

a vector of logical, integers or characters to subset data by individuals; characters will be matched against individual labels.
j

a vector of logical, integers or characters to subset data by genes; characters will be matched against gene names labels.
...

further arguments to be passed to other methods; currently ignored.
drop

present for compatibility with the generic; currently not used.

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

Examples

data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
plot(x)

## keep only the first 5 individuals
x[1:5,]
plot(x[1:5,])

## keep individuals 2,4,6 and the second gene
x[c(2,4,6),2]
plot(x[c(2,4,6),2])

multidna Accessors

Description

Accessors for slots in multidna and multiphyDat objects.

Usage

getNumInd(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
getNumInd(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
getNumInd(x, ...)

getNumLoci(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
getNumLoci(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
getNumLoci(x, ...)

getLocusNames(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
getLocusNames(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
getLocusNames(x, ...)

setLocusNames(x) <- value

## S4 replacement method for signature 'multidna'
setLocusNames(x) <- value

## S4 replacement method for signature 'multiphyDat'
setLocusNames(x) <- value

getNumSequences(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
getNumSequences(x, exclude.gap.only = TRUE,
  loci = NULL, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
getNumSequences(x, exclude.gap.only = TRUE,
  loci = NULL, ...)

getSequenceNames(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
getSequenceNames(x, exclude.gap.only = TRUE,
  loci = NULL, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
getSequenceNames(x, exclude.gap.only = TRUE,
  loci = NULL, ...)

getSequences(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
getSequences(x, loci = NULL, ids = NULL,
  simplify = TRUE, exclude.gap.only = TRUE, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
getSequences(x, loci = NULL, ids = NULL,
  simplify = TRUE, exclude.gap.only = TRUE, ...)

Arguments

x

a multidna or multiphyDat object.
...

further arguments passed on to other functions.
value

a replacement value for the slot.
exclude.gap.only

logical. Remove or ignore sequences containing all gaps?
loci

a character, numeric, or logical vector identifying which loci to return.
ids

a character, numeric, or logical vector identifying which sequences to return within a locus.
simplify

logical. If FALSE, always return a list of DNAbin sequences. If TRUE and only one locus has been requested, return a single DNAbin object.

Details

getNumInd

Returns the number of individuals.

getNumLoci

Returns the number of loci.

getLocusNames

Returns the names of each locus.

setLocusNames

Sets the names of each locus.

getNumSequences

Returns the number of sequences in each locus.

getSequenceNames

Returns the names of individual sequences at each locus.

getSequences

Returns sequences of specified loci and individuals.

Value

returns the information stored in a slot, see details.

Add gap-only sequences for missing data

Description

In multidna and multiphyDat, some individuals may not be sequenced for all genes. The generic function add.gaps has method for both objects; it identifies the missing sequences, and adds gap-only sequences to the alignments wherever needed.

Usage

add.gaps(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
add.gaps(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
add.gaps(x, ...)

Arguments

x

a multidna or multiphyDat object.
...

further arguments passed to other methods (currently not used).

Concatenate genes into a single matrix

Description

These functions concatenate separate DNA alignments into a single alignement matrix. concatenate is a generic with methods for:

  • multidna: returns a DNAbin matrix

  • multiphyDat: returns a phyDat object

Usage

concatenate(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
concatenate(x, genes = TRUE, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
concatenate(x, genes = TRUE, ...)

Arguments

x

a multidna or a multiphyDat object.
...

further arguments passed to other methods (currently not used).
genes

an optional vector indicating the genes to retain for the concatenation; any way to subset the list in x@dna is acceptable; by default, all genes are used.

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

Examples

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
plot(x)

image(concatenate(x))

Pairwise distances for multiple gene data

Description

This function computes pairwise genetic distances between individuals using genes in a multidna object. By default, one distance matrix (dist object) is created for each each, but a single distance can be derived by pooling all genes (argument pool=TRUE)

Usage

dist.multidna(x, pool = FALSE, genes = TRUE, ...)

Arguments

x

a multidna object.
pool

a logical indicating if all genes should be pooled (concatenated) to obtain a single distance matrix; defaults to FALSE.
genes

an optional vector indicating the genes to retain for the concatenation; any way to subset the list in x@dna is acceptable; by default, all genes are used.
...

further arguments passed to dist.dna.

Value

a list of dist objects (pool=FALSE) or a single dist object (pool=TRUE)

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

See Also

dist.dna

Examples

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
plot(x)

## get separate distance matrix and pooled one
lD <- dist.multidna(x)
D <- dist.multidna(x, pool=TRUE)

## get corresponding NJ trees
ltrees <- lapply(lD, nj)
tree <- nj(D)

opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE)
par(mfrow=c(3,1))
for(i in 1:2) plot(ltrees[[i]], main=names(ltrees)[i])
plot(tree, main="Pooled distances")
par(opar)

Build phylogenies from multiple gene data

Description

This function builds separate phylogenetic trees for each gene in a multidna object, specifying a method for computing pairwise distances between individuals, and a method to build the tree from the distance matrix. By default, procedures from ape are used.

Usage

getTree(x, pool = FALSE, genes = TRUE, model = "N",
  pairwise.deletion = TRUE, method = nj, ladderize = TRUE,
  negative.branch.length = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

x

a multidna object.
pool

a logical indicating if all genes should be pooled (concatenated) to obtain a single tree; defaults to FALSE.
genes

an optional vector indicating the genes to retain for the concatenation; any way to subset the list in x@dna is acceptable; by default, all genes are used.
model

a character string passed to dist.dna describing the model to be used to compute genetic distances; defaults to 'N', the absolute number of mutations separating sequences.
pairwise.deletion

a logical passed to dist.dna indicating if pairwise deletions should be used; the alternative is to remove all sites for which at least one missing value is present.
method

a function building a tree from a matrix of pairwise genetic distances.
ladderize

a logical indicating if the tree should be ladderized; defaults to TRUE.
negative.branch.length

a logical indicating if negative branch lengths should be allowed (e.g. in the case of Neighbor-Joining reconstruction), or not, in which case they are set to 0 (FALSE, default).
...

further arguments passed to the tree reconstruction method defined by 'method'.

Value

a multiPhylo object

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

See Also

dist.multidna

Examples

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
plot(x)

## make trees, default parameters
trees <- getTree(x)
trees
plot(trees, type="unrooted")

## make one single tree based on concatenated genes
tree <- getTree(x, pool=TRUE)
tree
plot(tree, type="unrooted")

multidna constructor

Description

New multidna objects can be created using new("multidna", ...) where "..." are arguments documented below. The main input is a list of DNAbin matrices. The constructor ensures that all matrices will be reordered in the same way, and as an option (setting add.gaps=TRUE, gap-only sequences ("...—–...") will be added wherever sequences are missing.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
initialize(.Object, dna = NULL, ind.info = NULL,
  gene.info = NULL, add.gaps = TRUE, quiet = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

.Object

the object skeleton, automatically generated when calling new.
dna

a list of DNAbin matrices (1 per gene); rows should be labelled and indicate individuals, but different individuals and different orders can be used in different matrices.
ind.info

an optional data.frame containing information on the individuals, where individuals are in rows.
gene.info

an optional data.frame containing information on the genes, where genes are in rows.
add.gaps

a logical indicating if gap-only sequences should be used where sequences are missing; defaults to TRUE.
quiet

a logical indicating if messages should be shown; defaults to FALSE.
...

further arguments to be passed to other methods

Value

an object of class multidna containing alignments.

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

See Also

Examples

## empty object
new("multidna")

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
image(woodmouse)
image(x@dna[[1]])
image(x@dna[[2]])

## trickier conversion with missing sequences / wrong order
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[c(5:1,14:15),501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
image(x@dna[[1]])
image(x@dna[[2]])

multiphyDat constructor

Description

New multiphyDat objects can be created using new("multiphyDat", ...) where "..." are arguments documented below. The main input is a list of phyDat matrices. The constructor ensures that all matrices will be reordered in the same way, and genes with missing individuals will be filled by sequences of gaps ("-").

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
initialize(.Object, seq = NULL,
  type = character(0), ind.info = NULL, gene.info = NULL,
  add.gaps = TRUE, quiet = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

.Object

the object skeleton, automatically generated when calling new.
seq

a list of phyDat matrices (1 per gene); rows should be labelled and indicate individuals, but different individuals and different orders can be used in different matrices.
type

a character string indicating the type of the sequences stored: "DNA" for DNA sequences, "AA" for amino-acids.
ind.info

an optional data.frame containing information on the individuals, where individuals are in rows.
gene.info

an optional data.frame containing information on the genes, where genes are in rows.
add.gaps

a logical indicating if gap-only sequences should be used where sequences are missing; defaults to TRUE.
quiet

a logical indicating if messages should be shown; defaults to FALSE.
...

further arguments to be passed to other methods

Value

an object of class multiphyDat containing alignments.

Author(s)

Klaus Schliep [email protected]

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

See Also

Examples

data(Laurasiatherian)
#' ## empty object
new("multiphyDat")

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
genes <- list(gene1=Laurasiatherian[, 1:1600],
    gene2=Laurasiatherian[, 1601:3179])
x <- new("multiphyDat", genes)
x

## trickier conversion with missing sequences / wrong order
genes <- list(gene1=Laurasiatherian[1:40,],
    gene2=Laurasiatherian[8:47, ])
x <- new("multiphyDat", genes)
x

multidna: class for multiple gene data

Description

This formal (S4) class is used to store multiple DNA alignments. Sequences are stored as a (possibly named) list, with each element of the list being a separate DNA alignment stored as a DNAbin matrix. The rows of the separate matrices all correspond to the same individuals, ordered identically.

Slots

dna

a list of DNAbin matrices; empty slot should be NULL

labels

a vector of labels of individuals

n.ind

the number of individuals

n.seq

the total number of sequences (pooling all genes), including gap sequences

n.seq.miss

the total number of gap-only sequences

ind.info

a data.frame containing information on the individuals, where individuals are in rows; empty slot should be NULL

gene.info

a data.frame containing information on the genes, where genes are in rows; empty slot should be NULL

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

Examples

## empty object
new("multidna")

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
image(woodmouse)
image(x@dna[[1]])
image(x@dna[[2]])

## trickier conversion with missing sequences / wrong order
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[c(5:1,14:15),501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
image(x@dna[[1]])
image(x@dna[[2]])

Convert from multidna into alignment (seqinr)

Description

The functions multidna2alignment and multiphyDat2alignment concatenates separate sequences and return an alignment object of the seqinr package.

Usage

multidna2alignment(x, genes = TRUE)

multiphyDat2alignment(x, genes = TRUE)

Arguments

x

a multidna or multiphyDat object.
genes

an optional vector indicating the genes to retain for the concatenation; any way to subset the list in x@dna or x@seq is acceptable; by default, all genes are used.

Value

a alignment object

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected], Zhian N. Kamvar, Klaus Schliep

See Also

  • concatenate

  • as.alignment to convert single DNAbin objects.

Examples

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
y <- multidna2alignment(x)
y
x2 <- multidna2multiphyDat(x)
z <- multiphyDat2alignment(x2)

Convert multidna into genind

Description

The functions multidna2genind and multiphyDat2genind concatenates separate DNA alignments, and then extracts SNPs of the resulting alignment into a genind object.

Usage

multidna2genind(x, genes = TRUE, mlst = FALSE, gapIsNA = FALSE)

multiphyDat2genind(x, genes = TRUE, mlst = FALSE, gapIsNA = FALSE)

Arguments

x

a multidna or multiphyDat object.
genes

an optional vector indicating the genes to retain for the concatenation; any way to subset the list in x@dna or x@seq is acceptable; by default, all genes are used.
mlst

if TRUE, each gene will result in a single locus in the genind object. (Default to FALSE)
gapIsNA

if TRUE and mlst = TRUE, sequences that consist entirely of gaps will be considered as NAs. (Default to FALSE)

Value

a genind object

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected], Zhian N. Kamvar, Klaus Schliep

See Also

Examples

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
y <- multidna2multiphyDat(x)
y
z1 <- multidna2genind(x)
z1
z2 <- multiphyDat2genind(y)
all.equal(z1, z2)

Conversions between multidna and multiphyDat

Description

The functions multidna2multiphyDat and multiphyDat2multidna are used to convert data between multidna and multiphyDat classes.

Usage

multidna2multiphyDat(x)

multiphyDat2multidna(x)

Arguments

x

a multidna or multiphyDat object.

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected], Zhian N. Kamvar, Klaus Schliep

See Also

Examples

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x

## conversion multidna -> multiphyDat
y <- multidna2multiphyDat(x)
y

## check round trip
identical(x, multiphyDat2multidna(y))

multiphyDat: class for multiple gene data

Description

This formal (S4) class is identical to multidna, except that DNA sequences are stored using phyDat objects from the phangorn package. Sequences are stored as a (possibly named) list, with each element of the list being a separate DNA alignment stored as a phyDat object. The rows of the separate matrices all correspond to the same individuals, ordered identically.

Slots

seq

a list of phyDat objects; empty slot should be NULL

type

a character string indicating the type of the sequences stored: "DNA" for DNA sequences, "AA" for amino-acids.

labels

a vector of labels of individuals

n.ind

the number of individuals

n.seq

the total number of sequences (pooling all genes), including gap sequences

n.seq.miss

the total number of gap-only sequences

ind.info

a data.frame containing information on the individuals, where individuals are in rows; empty slot should be NULL

gene.info

a data.frame containing information on the genes, where genes are in rows; empty slot should be NULL

Author(s)

Klaus Schliep [email protected]

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

Examples

data(Laurasiatherian)

## empty object
new("multiphyDat")

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(Laurasiatherian)
genes <- list(gene1=Laurasiatherian[, 1:1600],
              gene2=Laurasiatherian[, 1601:3179])
x <- new("multiphyDat", genes)
x

## trickier conversion with missing sequences / wrong order
genes <- list(gene1=Laurasiatherian[1:40,],
    gene2=Laurasiatherian[8:47,])
x <- new("multiphyDat", genes)
x

Display multidna objects

Description

Default printing for multidna objects

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
plot(x, y, rows = TRUE, ask = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

x

a multidna object
y

an integer vector indicating the genes to plot
rows

a logical indicating if different genes should be displayed in separate rows
ask

a logical indicating if the user should be prompted between graphs
...

arguments passed to image.DNAbin

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

Examples

## simple conversion with nicely ordered output
data(woodmouse)
genes <- list(gene1=woodmouse[,1:500], gene2=woodmouse[,501:965])
x <- new("multidna", genes)
x
plot(x)

Read multiple DNA alignments

Description

These functions read multiple DNA alignments and store the output in a multidna object. They are relying on ape's original functions read.dna and read.FASTA.

Usage

read.multidna(files, add.gaps = TRUE, ...)

read.multiFASTA(files, add.gaps = TRUE)

read.multiphyDat(files, add.gaps = TRUE, ...)

Arguments

files

a vector of characters indicating the paths to the files to read from.
add.gaps

a logical indicating if gap-only sequences should be added wherever sequences are missing; defaults to TRUE.
...

further arguments to be passed to the functions read.dna and read.FASTA.

Value

read.multidna and read.multiFASTA return an object of class multidna, read.multiphyDat returns an object of class multiphyDat.

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

Klaus Schliep [email protected]

See Also

Examples

## get path to the files
files <- dir(system.file(package="apex"),patter="patr", full=TRUE)
files

## read files
x <- read.multiFASTA(files)
x
opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE)
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(x, row=FALSE)
par(opar)

y <- read.multiphyDat(files, format="fasta")
y

Remove gap-only sequences for missing data

Description

In multidna and multiphyDat, some individuals may not be sequenced for all genes, resulting in gap-only sequences for missing data. The generic function rm.gaps has method for both objects; it identifies the missing sequences, and removes gap-only sequences from the alignments wherever needed.

Usage

rm.gaps(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
rm.gaps(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
rm.gaps(x, ...)

Arguments

x

a multidna or multiphyDat object.
...

further arguments passed to other methods (currently not used).

Display multidna objects

Description

Default printing for multidna objects

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'multidna'
show(object)

Arguments

object

a multidna object

Value

show returns an invisible NULL, called for side effects.

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]

Display multiphyDat objects

Description

Default printing for multiphyDat objects

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'multiphyDat'
show(object)

Arguments

object

a multiphyDat object

Value

show returns an invisible NULL, called for side effects.

Author(s)

Thibaut Jombart [email protected]